LISREL is capable of modeling all four models. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is “a comprehensive statistical approach to testing hypotheses about relations among observed and latent variables.”(Hoyle, 1995) SEM methodology is used to test four types of theoretical models: regression, path, confirmatory factor, and structural equation models. This chapter focuses on covariance based path analysis modeling using LISREL 8.70. Moreover, there is a growing number of studies that have used highly sophisticated statistical techniques such as structural equation models and hierarchal models in recent years (Arbaugh, Hwang, & Pollack, 2010). This may reflect the fact that the field has drawn in some researchers who have been trained in such analytical techniques which are common in many business disciplines, and those scholars simply brought these techniques with them to design and analyze studies of online learning. The use of multivariate statistical techniques has been a staple of the e-learning empirical research stream throughout the decade.
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